Sotos SyndromeNEVO SYNDROMETEXT
Nevo et al. (1974) described an inbred Israeli family in which 2 sibs and their cousin had increased growth, kyphosis, prominent forehead, volar edema, spindle-shaped fingers, wrist drop, talipes, hyperbilirubinemia, and generalized hypotonia. Although the authors considered their cases to be an autosomal recessive variant of Sotos syndrome (117550), Cohen (1989) proposed that these patients had a separate entity, which they called the Nevo syndrome. A fourth case was reported by Hilderink and Brunner (1995). Their patient, a boy born to consanguineous parents, had neither lens luxation nor aortic dilatation.
Al-Gazali et al. (1997) described 2 further male cases from unrelated Arab families with features similar to those described by Nevo et al. (1974) but without hyperbilirubinemia. Both had delayed motor development. Cognitive function was normal in one at 2 years 10 months of age. While the other was too young to assess, social responses appeared normal. MRI studies in the older child revealed extreme hyperlordosis of the cervical spine and a wide spinal canal suggestive of dural ectasia.
The patient reported by Dumic et al. (1998) manifested intrauterine and postpartum overgrowth, accelerated osseous maturation, dolichocephaly, highly arched palate, large and low-set ears, cryptorchidism, delayed neuropsychologic development, hypotonia, edema and contractures of the hands and feet, a single transverse palmar crease, and tapering digits. After meningococcal sepsis at age 6 months, he remained decerebrate. Thereafter, overgrowth and especially weight gain were markedly accelerated until his death at age 18 months, at which time his height was 103 cm and his weight was 23 kg. In addition to low plasma concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor, severe insulin resistance was observed. Dumic et al. (1998) presumed that a selective defect in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, with preservation of anabolic effect, was one of the causes of his 'overgrowth without growth hormone,' at least in the last 12 months of life after severe brain damage.
SEE ALSO
Cohen (1989)
REFERENCES
1. Al-Gazali, L. I.; Bakalinova, D.; Varady, E.; Scorer, J.; Nork, M. :
Further delineation of Nevo syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 34: 366-370, 1997.PubMed ID : 9152832
2. Cohen, M. M., Jr. :
A comprehensive and critical assessment of overgrowth and overgrowth syndromes.In: Harris, H.; Hirschhorn, K. (eds.) : Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 18. New York: Plenum Press 1989. Pp. 181-303 and 373-376.
3. Dumic, M.; Vukelic, D.; Plavsic, V.; Cviko, A.; Sokolic, L.; Filipovic-Grcic, B. :
Nevo syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 76: 67-70, 1998.PubMed ID : 9508068
4. Hilderink, B. G. M.; Brunner, H. G. :
Nevo syndrome. Clin. Dysmorph. 4: 319-323, 1995.PubMed ID : 8574422
5. Nevo, S.; Zeltzer, M.; Benderly, A.; Levy, J. :
Evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance in cerebral gigantism. J. Med. Genet. 11: 158-165, 1974.PubMed ID : 4841084
CONTRIBUTORS
Victor A. McKusick - updated : 3/20/1998Michael J. Wright - updated : 7/3/1997
CREATION DATE
Iosif W. Lurie : 9/26/1996
EDIT HISTORY
alopez : 3/23/1998terry : 3/20/1998mimman : 10/3/1997alopez : 8/27/1997alopez : 8/7/1997jamie : 11/1/1996carol : 9/27/1996
Copyright © 1966-2004 Johns Hopkins University
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Nevo syndrome.
Dumic M, Vukelic D, Plavsic V, Cviko A, Sokolic L, Filipovic-Grcic B.Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
We report on a patient with Nevo syndrome manifesting intrauterine and postpartum overgrowth, accelerated osseous maturation, dolichocephaly, highly arched palate, large, low-set ears, cryptorchidism, delayed neuropsychological development, hypotonia, adema, contractures of the hands and feet, a single a transverse palmar crease, and tapering digits. After meningococcal sepsis at age 6 months, he remained decerebrate. Thereafter, overgrowth and especially weight gain were extremely accelerated until his death at age 18 months, at which time his height was 103 cm and his weight was 23 kg. In addition to low plasma concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor, severe insulin resistance was observed. It is presumed that a selective defect in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, with preservation of anabolic effect, was one of the causes of his "overgrowth without growth hormone," at least in the last 12 months of life after severe brain damage.
Publication Types:
Case Reports PMID: 9508068 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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SOTOS SYNDROME
Alternative titles; symbolsCEREBRAL GIGANTISMGene map locus 5q35
TEXT
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because Sotos syndrome is caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene (606681).
CLINICAL FEATURES
Sotos et al. (1964) described 5 children with a disorder characterized by excessively rapid growth, acromegalic features, and a nonprogressive cerebral disorder with mental retardation. High-arched palate and prominent jaw were noted in several of them. Birth length was between the 90th and 97th centiles in all. Bone age was advanced in most.
Hook and Reynolds (1967) reported that affected children have large hands and feet from birth. Growth is rapid in the first years of life but final height may not be excessive. Bone age is advanced. The skull is large with moderate prognathism. Mild dilation of the cerebral ventricles, nonspecific EEG changes, and seizures have been observed. Poor coordination and mental retardation are features. In 2 patients, Bejar et al. (1970) found abnormal dermatoglyphics, normal growth hormone levels, and high levels of valine, isoleucine and leucine in the blood. The glycine-to-valine ratio seemed particularly useful in distinguishing patients from controls.
Ruvalcaba et al. (1980) found hamartomatous polyps of the intestine and melanin spots of the penis in 2 males with the Sotos syndrome. Halal (1983) reported that the older of the boys she reported with cerebral gigantism had pigmented spots on the genitalia and that the father had been found to have a rectal polyp--findings like those in the 2 unrelated adult males reported by Ruvalcaba et al. (1980).
Kaneko et al. (1987) found congenital heart defects in 5 of 10 patients with typical Sotos syndrome. Noreau et al. (1998) found that 3 of 14 Sotos syndrome patients had congenital heart defects. In a literature review, they found another 17 patients with variable cardiac defects, mostly closure defects, making an overall incidence of approximately 8%.
Goldstein et al. (1988) described 2 unrelated children with macrocephaly, excessive growth, strabismus, hypotonia and developmental delay, and improvement with age.
In a review, Cole and Hughes (1990) emphasized that the handicaps in Sotos syndrome are fewer than previously believed and tend to improve with age. The latter feature makes identification of affected adults difficult. Cole and Hughes (1994) clinically assessed 79 patients with a provisional diagnosis of Sotos syndrome and evaluated their photographs between ages 1 and 6 years. These photographs, together with photographs of first-degree relatives, also at ages 1 to 6 years, were reviewed by 4 clinical geneticists. In 41 probands, but no first-degree relatives, the facial gestalt was thought to be characteristic of Sotos syndrome. Comparison of anthropometric measurements, bone age, and developmental delay in these 41 probands showed marked differences between them and the remaining 38 probands. Length was identified as the most significantly increased prenatal parameter. In childhood, occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC), height, and weight were all increased. OFC remained above the 97th percentile in all but one case throughout childhood and adulthood, whereas height and weight had a tendency to return toward the mean. This 'normalization' was more pronounced in females and was probably related to their early puberty. Early developmental delay and an advanced bone age were seen in 100% and 84% of cases, respectively. Cole and Hughes (1994) suggested that facial gestalt, growth pattern, bone age, and developmental delay are the major diagnostic criteria. Using these criteria, no affected first-degree relatives were identified.
Scarpa et al. (1994) described a sister and brother with macrocrania and coarse face (frontal bossing, highly arched palate, prognathism, pointed chin, large ears). Psychomotor development of the sister, who also had advanced osseous maturation, improved significantly at the age of 7 years. Accelerated growth with normal bone age, optic atrophy, renal agenesis with contralateral double kidney, and significant mental retardation (IQ, 45) were shown in the brother at 3.5 years of age. The father of these children was tall, with macrocrania and large hands and feet. He had had learning difficulties in school and was a manual laborer. Scarpa et al. (1994) suggested that these children and their father showed different manifestations of Sotos syndrome. Allanson and Cole (1996) presented anthropometric evaluation of the head in 45 patients with Sotos syndrome between age 1 and 25 years. With increasing age, the face lengthens and the chin becomes more striking.
Opitz et al. (1998) reported affected mother and daughter. The mother was described as a large infant and 'as tall as her teacher in school.' Her adult height was 185.4 cm, and she had mandibular prognathism and a prominent pointed chin. The daughter showed a prominent forehead with sparseness of frontal hair and a 'ruddy' or flushed complexion, especially of the nose and perioral area. She had prominent features of the congenital hypotonia/lymphedema sequence with hypermobile joints, especially at the knees and ankles, lymphedema nails (especially toenails), and a high total ridge count (TRC) of the fingertip dermatoglyphics. The mother also had a high TRC and a receding frontal hairline.
Robertson and Bankier (1999) reported 3 children with anthropometric and dysmorphologic features of classic Sotos syndrome in association with redundant skin folds, joint hypermobility, and, in 2 of the 3, vesicoureteric reflux. Robertson and Bankier (1999) thought the associated features suggested a coexisting connective tissue disorder. All the patients had a normal bone age. Although Sotos syndrome in its classically described form was not present, Robertson and Bankier (1999) concluded that this entity might reflect a related, perhaps allelic, condition.
Tumor Formation
Maldonado et al. (1984) reported the association of malignant tumors in Sotos syndrome. Nance et al. (1990) described a 15-month-old child with Sotos syndrome and a paraspinal neuroblastoma. From this and other evidence, they concluded that children with this disorder may be at an increased risk for developing tumors. Gorlin et al. (1990) estimated a risk of 3.9% of benign or malignant tumors in Sotos syndrome. The same excess of neoplasms is present in other overgrowth syndromes. Le Marec et al. (1999) reported that one of a monozygotic twin pair, both of whom had Sotos syndrome, developed a diffuse gastric carcinoma containing signet ring cells at the age of 26. The young age of occurrence of this gastric carcinoma suggested a genetic factor. Leonard et al. (2000) reported 2 children with Sotos syndrome who had benign sacrococcygeal teratomas. Given that Sotos syndrome and sacrococcygeal teratoma are rare events, the authors suggested that these tumors may be due to the effects of overgrowth on tumor development.
DIAGNOSIS
Opitz et al. (1998) discussed the differentiation of 2 overgrowth syndromes, Sotos syndrome and Weaver syndrome (277590), and the question of whether the similarities are sufficient to consider them 1 entity. They noted that vertebrate development is constrained into only a very few final or common developmental pathways; therefore, no developmental anomaly seen in humans is unique to ('pathognomonic of') one syndrome. Possible phenotypic differences between the syndromes of Sotos and Weaver pointed out by Opitz et al. (1998) were the following: the Sotos syndrome may be a cancer syndrome, whereas the Weaver syndrome is not (although a neuroblastoma had been reported in the latter disorder). In Sotos syndrome there is remarkably advanced dental maturation; this is rarely commented on in Weaver syndrome. In Weaver syndrome, there are more conspicuous contractures and a facial appearance that experts find convincingly different from that in Sotos syndrome. Opitz et al. (1998) favored allelic heterogeneity as the explanation for the similarities between Sotos and Weaver syndromes. They suggested that mapping and isolation of the causative gene or genes would settle the issue.
Differential Diagnosis
Schaefer et al. (1997) concluded that neuroimaging findings of Sotos syndrome are distinct enough to allow differentiation of this syndrome from other mental retardation syndromes with macrocephaly. The most common abnormality of the cerebral ventricles was prominence of the trigone (90%), followed by prominence of the occipital horns (75%) and ventriculomegaly (63%). The supratentorial extracerebral fluid spaces were increased for age in 70% of the patients and the fluid spaces in the posterior fossa were increased in 70% also. A variety of midline abnormalities were noted but anomalies of the corpus callosum were almost universal.
NOMENCLATURE
Fryns (1988) referred to cases of the fragile X syndrome (309550) in which Sotos syndrome had been diagnosed; he therefore suggested that this disorder be designated the Sotos sequence or the mental retardation-overgrowth sequence.
INHERITANCE
Most reported cases of Sotos syndrome have been sporadic and may represent new dominant mutations. Hook and Reynolds (1967) reported a concordant set of affected identical twins. Hooft et al. (1968) described cerebral gigantism in 2 first cousins. Nevo et al. (1974) described affected brother and sister and their affected double first cousin in an inbred Arab family in Israel. Two of the 3 showed generalized edema and flexion contractures of the feet at birth. This may represent a distinct disorder; see Nevo syndrome (601451). Hansen and Friis (1976) described affected mother and child. Zonana et al. (1976) described affected mother and 2 children (male and female). The mother's father may have been affected. Zonana et al. (1977) reported 3 families showing vertical transmission and equal severity in males and females; no male-to-male transmission was observed. As an addendum, they commented on a fourth instance of affected mother and son. Smith et al. (1981) observed affected mother and daughter--the presumed fifth instance of dominant inheritance. The mother had primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto disease. Halal (1982) reported a family in which the father and 2 of his sons were affected. She knew of no other instance of documented male-to-male transmission. Winship (1985) described a 'Cape Coloured' family with affected father and 4 children by 2 different, unrelated wives. Presumed Sotos syndrome was described in a mother and 2 daughters by Bale et al. (1985). They suggested that instances of seemingly autosomal recessive inheritance may be examples of incomplete penetrance, gonadal mosaicism, or genetic heterogeneity. Minor changes in 2 mothers of 2 unrelated affected infants reported by Goldstein et al. (1988) suggested dominant inheritance of a Sotos sequence. Brown et al. (1998) described a pair of 5-year-old male monozygotic twins who were discordant for Sotos syndrome.
The possibility of uniparental disomy in Sotos syndrome was investigated by Smith et al. (1997). Using 112 dinucleotide repeat DNA polymorphisms, they examined parental inheritance of all autosomal pairs, except chromosome 15, in 29 patients with Sotos syndrome. All informative cases showed biparental inheritance and no cases of UPD were found.
HETEROGENEITY
In a study of the metacarpophalangeal pattern profile (MCPP) in Sotos syndrome, Butler et al. (1985) found no evidence of heterogeneity and developed a diagnostic tool using MCPP variables, which they suggested may be useful.
MAPPING
Schrander-Stumpel et al. (1990) described a 6-year-old boy with Sotos syndrome who also had a de novo, apparently balanced translocation, t(3;6)(p21;p21). They suggested that the autosomal dominant gene for the Sotos syndrome may be located either at 3p21 or 6p21. Tsukahara and Kajii (1991) could find no abnormality in high resolution-banded chromosomes from 5 patients. Involvement of genes at 3p21 was also suggested by the case reported by Cole et al. (1992); a 22-year-old female with Sotos syndrome, a nonsmoker, died of small cell lung carcinoma (182280) for which genetic determinants in the 3p21 region are suggested by loss-of-heterozygosity studies. Maroun et al. (1994) reported the case of a 4-year-old girl with Sotos phenotype and a de novo balanced translocation between 5q and 15q: 46,XX,t(5,15)(q35;q22). They thus suggested 5q35 or 15q22 as the site of an autosomal dominant gene determining Sotos syndrome.
Faivre et al. (2000) reported a child with apparent Sotos syndrome and mosaicism for partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 20 (46,XY,dup(20)(p12.1-p11.2)[12]/46,XY[66]). The somatostatin receptor-4 (SSTR4; 182454) gene is located at 20p11.2, encompassed by the duplication. The authors proposed that a dosage effect of this gene might be responsible for some of their patient's clinical findings.
Imaizumi et al. (2002) described a de novo balanced reciprocal translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 5 and 8, 46,XX,t(5;8)(q35;q24.1), in a 15-month-old girl with a typical Sotos syndrome phenotype. They proposed that a gene responsible for this disorder is located in the distal long arm region of chromosome 5.
MOLECULAR GENETICS
In patients with Sotos syndrome harboring a chromosomal translocation, Kurotaki et al. (2002) isolated the NSD1 (606681) gene from the 5q35 breakpoint. They identified 1 nonsense, 3 frameshift, and 20 submicroscopic deletion mutations of NSD1 among 42 sporadic cases of Sotos syndrome. The results indicated that haploinsufficiency of NSD1 is the major cause of Sotos syndrome.
To the 42 cases of Sotos syndrome reported by Kurotaki et al. (2002), Kurotaki et al. (2003) added 70 more cases, 53 of whom were Japanese. Among the 112 total cases, they identified 50 microdeletions (45%) and 16 point mutations (14%). They noted a large difference between Japanese and non-Japanese patients in the frequency of microdeletions, which occurred in 49 (52%) of the 95 Japanese but in only 1 (6%) of the 17 non-Japanese. Most of the microdeletions were confirmed to be identical by FISH analysis. Kurotaki et al. (2003) identified highly homologous sequences, i.e., possible low copy repeats, in regions flanking proximal and distal breakpoints of the common deletion. This suggested that low copy repeats may mediate the deletion. The frequency of such low copy repeats seemed to vary in different populations, and thus the differences in frequency of microdeletions between Japanese and non-Japanese cases may have been caused by patient selection bias.
In a Finnish father and son with Sotos syndrome, Hoglund et al. (2003) identified a heterozygous mutation in the NSD1 gene (606681.0009). The authors noted that the findings in this family confirm that familial Sotos syndrome is caused by mutation in the NSD1 gene.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS; 130650) is, like Sotos syndrome, an overgrowth syndrome. Deregulation of imprinted growth regulatory genes within the 11p15 region is the major cause of BWS. Similarly, defects of the NSD1 gene account for more than 60% of cases of Sotos syndrome. Owing to the clinical overlap between the 2 syndromes, Baujat et al. (2004) investigated whether unexplained cases of Sotos syndrome could be related to 11p15 anomalies and, conversely, whether unexplained BWS cases could be related to NSD1 deletions or mutations. Two 11p15 anomalies were identified in a series of 20 patients with Sotos syndrome, and 2 NSD1 mutations (606681.0011-606681.0012) were identified in a series of 52 patients with BWS. The results suggested that the 2 disorders may have more similarities than previously thought and that NSD1 could be involved in imprinting of the 11p15 region.
Turkmen et al. (2003) screened the NSD1 gene for mutations in 20 patients and 1 familial case with Sotos syndrome, 5 patients with Weaver syndrome, 6 patients with unclassified overgrowth and mental retardation, and 6 patients with macrocephaly and mental retardation. They identified 19 mutations, 17 previously undescribed, in 18 Sotos patients and the familial case (90%). The best correlation between the molecular and clinical findings was for facial gestalt in conjunction with overgrowth, macrocephaly, and developmental delay. Turkmen et al. (2003) found no mutations of the NSD1 gene in the patients with Weaver syndrome or other overgrowth phenotypes and concluded that the great majority of patients with Sotos syndrome have mutations in NSD1.
SEE ALSO
Boman and Nilsson (1980); Dodge et al. (1983); Stephenson et al. (1968)
REFERENCES
1. Allanson, J. E.; Cole, T. R. P. :
Sotos syndrome: evolution of facial phenotype subjective and objective assessment. Am. J. Med. Genet. 65: 13-20, 1996.PubMed ID : 8914735
2. Bale, A. E.; Drum, M. A.; Parry, D. M.; Mulvihill, J. J. :
Familial Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism): craniofacial and psychological characteristics. Am. J. Med. Genet. 20: 613-624, 1985.PubMed ID : 2581446
3. Baujat, G.; Rio, M.; Rossignol, S.; Sanlaville, D.; Lyonnet, S.; Le Merrer, M.; Munnich, A.; Gicquel, C.; Cormier-Daire, V.; Colleaux, L. :
Paradoxical NSD1 mutations in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and 11p15 anomalies in Sotos syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 715-720, 2004.PubMed ID : 14997421
4. Bejar, R. L.; Smith, G. F.; Park, S.; Spellacy, W. N.; Wolfson, S. L.; Nyhan, W. L. :
Cerebral gigantism: concentrations of amino acids in plasma and muscle. J. Pediat. 76: 105-111, 1970.PubMed ID : 4312004
5. Boman, H.; Nilsson, D. :
Sotos syndrome in two brothers. Clin. Genet. 18: 421-427, 1980.PubMed ID : 7449180
6. Brown, W. T.; Wisniewski, K. E.; Sudhalter, V.; Keogh, M.; Tsiouris, J.; Miezejeski, C.; Schaefer, G. B. :
Identical twins discordant for Sotos syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 79: 329-333, 1998.PubMed ID : 9781916
7. Butler, M. G.; Meaney, F. J.; Kittur, S.; Hersh, J. H.; Hornstein, L. :
Metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis in Sotos syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 20: 625-629, 1985.PubMed ID : 3993685
8. Cole, T. R. P.; Hughes, H. E. :
Sotos syndrome: a study of the diagnostic criteria and natural history. J. Med. Genet. 31: 20-32, 1994.PubMed ID : 7512144
9. Cole, T. R. P.; Hughes, H. E. :
Sotos syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 27: 571-576, 1990.PubMed ID : 2231650
10. Cole, T. R. P.; Hughes, H. E.; Jeffreys, M. J.; Williams, G. T.; Arnold, M. M. :
Small cell lung carcinoma in a patient with Sotos syndrome: are genes at 3p21 involved in both conditions? J. Med. Genet. 29: 338-341, 1992.PubMed ID : 1316442
11. Dodge, P. R.; Homes, S. J.; Sotos, J. F. :
Cerebral gigantism. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 25: 248-252, 1983.PubMed ID : 6602075
12. Faivre, L.; Viot, G.; Prieur, M.; Turleau, C.; Gosset, P.; Romana, S.; Munnich, A.; Vekemans, M.; Cormier-Daire, V. :
Apparent Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) in a child with Trisomy 20p11.2-p12.1 mosaicism. Am. J. Med. Genet. 91: 273-276, 2000.PubMed ID : 10766982
13. Fryns, J. P. :
The Prader-Willi syndrome and the Sotos syndrome: syndromes or sequences? (Letter) Clin. Genet. 33: 457-458, 1988.PubMed ID : 3168318
14. Goldstein, D. J.; Ward, R. E.; Moore, E.; Fremion, A. S.; Wappner, R. S. :
Overgrowth, congenital hypotonia, nystagmus, strabismus, and mental retardation: variant of dominantly inherited Sotos sequence? Am. J. Med. Genet. 29: 783-792, 1988.PubMed ID : 3400723
15. Gorlin, R. J.; Cohen, M. M.; Levin L. S. :
Overgrowth syndromes and postnatal onset obesity syndromes.In: Syndromes of the Head and Neck. : :New York: Oxford Univ. Press (3rd ed.) 1990. Pp. 323-352.
16. Halal, F. :
Male to male transmission of cerebral gigantism. Am. J. Med. Genet. 12: 411-419, 1982.PubMed ID : 7124794
17. Halal, F. :
Cerebral gigantism, intestinal polyposis, and pigmentary spotting of the genitalia. (Letter) Am. J. Med. Genet. 15: 161, 1983.PubMed ID : 6859117
18. Hansen, F. J.; Friis, B. :
Familial occurrence of cerebral gigantism, Sotos' syndrome. Acta Paediat. Scand. 65: 387-389, 1976.PubMed ID : 1274571
19. Hoglund, P.; Kurotaki, N.; Kytola, S.; Miyake, N.; Somer, M.; Matsumoto, N. :
Familial Sotos syndrome is caused by a novel 1 bp deletion of the NSD1 gene. (Letter) J. Med. Genet. 40: 51-54, 2003.PubMed ID : 12525543
20. Hooft, C.; Schotte, H.; Van Hooren, G. :
Familial cerebral gigantism. Acta Paediat. Belg. 22: 173-186, 1968.PubMed ID : 5678746
21. Hook, E. B.; Reynolds, J. W. :
Cerebral gigantism: endocrinological and clinical observations of six patients including a congenital giant, concordant monozygotic twins, and a child who achieved adult gigantic size. J. Pediat. 70: 900-914, 1967.PubMed ID : 4290694
22. Imaizumi, K.; Kimura, J.; Matsuo, M.; Kurosawa, K.; Masuno, M.; Niikawa, N.; Kuroki, Y. :
Sotos syndrome associated with a de novo balanced reciprocal translocation t(5;8)(q35;q24.1). Am. J. Med. Genet. 107: 58-60, 2002.PubMed ID : 11807869
23. Kaneko, H.; Tsukahara, M.; Tachibana, H.; Kurashige, H.; Kuwano, A.; Kajii, T. :
Congenital heart defects in Sotos sequence. Am. J. Med. Genet. 26: 569-576, 1987.PubMed ID : 3565472
24. Kurotaki, N.; Harada, N.; Shimokawa, O.; Miyake, N.; Kawame, H.; Uetake, K.; Makita, Y.; Kondoh, T.; Ogata, T.; Hasegawa, T.; Nagai, T.; Ozaki, T.; and 22 others :
Fifty microdeletions among 112 cases of Sotos syndrome: low copy repeats possibly mediate the common deletion. Hum. Mutat. 22: 378-387, 2003.PubMed ID : 14517949
25. Kurotaki, N.; Imaizumi, K.; Harada, N.; Masuno, M.; Kondoh, T.; Nagai, T.; Ohashi, H.; Naritomi, K.; Tsukahara, M.; Makita, Y.; Sugimoto, T.; Sonoda, T.; and 11 others :
Haploinsufficiency of NSD1 causes Sotos syndrome. Nature Genet. 30: 365-366, 2002.PubMed ID : 11896389
26. Le Marec, B.; Pasquier, L.; Dugast, C.; Gosselin, M.; Odent, S. :
Gastric carcinoma in Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism). Ann. Genet. 42: 113-116, 1999.PubMed ID : 10434127
27. Leonard, N. J.; Cole, T.; Bhargava, R.; Honore, L. H.; Watt, J. :
Sacrococcygeal teratoma in two cases of Sotos syndrome. (Letter) Am. J. Med. Genet. 95: 182-184, 2000.PubMed ID : 11078573
28. Maldonado, V.; Gaynon, P. S.; Poznanski, A. K. :
Cerebral gigantism associated with Wilms' tumor. Am. J. Dis. Child. 138: 486-488, 1984.PubMed ID : 6324572
29. Maroun, C.; Schmerler, S.; Hutcheon, R. G. :
Child with Sotos phenotype and a 5:15 translocation. Am. J. Med. Genet. 50: 291-293, 1994.PubMed ID : 8042674
30. Nance, M. A.; Neglia, J. P.; Talwar, D.; Berry, S. A. :
Neuroblastoma in a patient with Sotos' syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 27: 130-132, 1990.PubMed ID : 2319581
31. Nevo, S.; Zeltzer, M.; Benderly, A.; Levy, J. :
Evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance in cerebral gigantism. J. Med. Genet. 11: 158-165, 1974.PubMed ID : 4841084
32. Noreau, D. R.; Al-Ata, J.; Jutras, L.; Teebi, A. S. :
Congenital heart defects in Sotos syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 79: 327-328, 1998.PubMed ID : 9781915
33. Opitz, J. M.; Weaver, D. W.; Reynolds, J. F., Jr. :
The syndromes of Sotos and Weaver: reports and review. Am. J. Med. Genet. 79: 294-304, 1998.PubMed ID : 9781911
34. Robertson, S. P.; Bankier, A. :
Sotos syndrome and cutis laxa. J. Med. Genet. 36: 51-56, 1999.PubMed ID : 9950366
35. Ruvalcaba, R. H. A.; Myhre, S.; Smith, D. W. :
Sotos syndrome with intestinal polyposis and pigmentary changes of the genitalia. Clin. Genet. 18: 413-416, 1980.PubMed ID : 7449178
36. Scarpa, P.; Faggioli, R.; Voghenzi, A. :
Familial Sotos syndrome: longitudinal study of two additional cases. Genet. Counsel. 5: 155-159, 1994.
37. Schaefer, G. B.; Bodensteiner, J. B.; Buehler, B. A.; Lin, A.; Cole, T. R. P. :
The neuroimaging findings in Sotos syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 68: 462-465, 1997.PubMed ID : 9021022
38. Schrander-Stumpel, C. T. R. M.; Fryns, J. P.; Hamers, G. G. :
Sotos syndrome and de novo balanced autosomal translocation (t(3;6)(p21;p21)). Clin. Genet. 37: 226-229, 1990.PubMed ID : 2323093
39. Smith, A.; Farrar, J. R.; Silink, M.; Judzewitsch, R. :
Investigations in dominant Sotos syndrome. Ann. Genet. 24: 226-228, 1981.PubMed ID : 6977303
40. Smith, M.; Fullwood, P.; Qi, Y.; Palmer, S.; Upadhyaya, M.; Cole, T. :
No evidence for uniparental disomy as a common cause of Sotos syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 34: 10-12, 1997.PubMed ID : 9032642
41. Sotos, J. F.; Dodge, P. R.; Muirhead, D.; Crawford, J. D.; Talbot, N. B. :
Cerebral gigantism in childhood: a syndrome of excessively rapid growth with acromegalic features and a nonprogressive neurologic disorder. New Eng. J. Med. 271: 109-116, 1964.PubMed ID : 14148233
42. Stephenson, J. N.; Mellinger, R. C.; Manson, G. :
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